Extending the Hubble diagram to higher redshifts in CGR

Abstract

The redshift-distance modulus relation, the Hubble Diagram, derived from Cosmological General Relativity are extended to arbitrarily large redshifts. Numerical methods are employed and a density function is found that results in a valid solution of the field equations at all redshifts. The extension is compared to 302 type Ia supernova data as well as to 69 Gamma-ray burst data. The latter however do not truly represent a ‘standard candle’ as the derived distance modulii are not independent of the cosmology used. Nevertheless the analysis shows a good fit can be achieved without the need to assume the existence of dark matter. The Carmelian theory is also shown to describe a Universe that is always spatially flat. This results from the underlying assumption of the energy density of a cosmological constant ΩΛ = 1, the result of vacuum energy. The curvature of the Universe is described by a spacevelocity metric where the energy content of the curvature at any epoch is Ω𝑲 = ΩΛ – = 1 –Ω where Ω is the matter density of the Universe. Hence the total density is always Ω𝑲 + Ω = 1. The following is based on Hartnett 2008.